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Hala-'l Badr (or Hala-'l Bedr / Hallat al Badr, in Arabic: حلا البدر) is a volcano in northwestern Saudi Arabia at 27.25° N, 37.235° E. The volcano is of the cinder cone (or scoria-cone) type, and is on the northeast corner of the Thadra table mountain in the al Jaww basin, an erosional divide between Harrat ar-Rahah and Harrat al 'Uwayrid. Its eruption history is currently unknown, but geological studies have shown that Hallat al Badr erupted some time during the Holocene period, and the most recent lava flows were in the al Jaww basin.〔G. F. Brown, D. L. Schmidt, A. C. Huffman Jr., “Geology of the Arabian Peninsula: Shield Area of Western Saudi Arabia,” U.S. Geological Survey 560-‐A (1 ) (1989): pp. 152-‐154.〕 Badr has a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of at least 2, so it is capable of producing an eruption column at least 3 miles high (4.8 km).〔T. Simkin, and L. Siebert, ''Volcanoes of the World'' (Tucson: Geoscience Press, in association with the Smithsonian Institution’s Global Volcanism Program, 2nd edn, 1994), p. 368〕 A number of scholars, including Charles Beke,〔Charles Beke, ''Mount Sinai, a Volcano'' (1873)〕 Sigmund Freud,〔Sigmund Freud, ''Moses and Monotheism'' (1939)〕 Immanuel Velikovsky, Eduard Meyer,〔Eduard Meyer, ''Die Israeliten und ihre Nachbarstämme'' (Halle: Max Niemeyer, 1906), p. 69.〕 Martin Noth,〔Martin Noth, ''Exodus: A Commentary'' (OTL; trans. J.S. Bowden; London: SCM Press, 1962), pp. 32-33〕 and Hermann Gunkel〔Hermann Gunkel and J. Begrich, ''Introduction to Psalms: The Genres of the Religious Lyric of Israel'' (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1998), pp. 69, 77, 80.〕 have proposed that the biblical description of ''devouring fire'' on Mount Sinai refers to an erupting volcano in the land of biblical Midian. Gunkel writes, "The characteristic Israelite narratives of Yahweh’s appearance in the burning thorn bush (Exod. 3:2), in the burning and smoking Sinai (Exod. 19:9, 20:18; Deut. 4:11), and especially in the pillars of smoke and fire (Exod. 13:21)… can be explained originally from the fact that, in Israel’s earliest belief, Yahweh was the god of the Sinai volcano."〔Hermann Gunkel, ''Genesis'' (trans. M.E. Biddle; Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1997), p. 181.〕 This possibility would exclude all the peaks on the Sinai Peninsula and Mount Seir, but would match a number of locations in northwestern Saudi Arabia, of which Hala-'l Badr is the most prominent. Beke renounced his theory that Sinai was a volcano when he learned that Mount Baghir (also "Mountain of Light"), his volcanic Mount Sinai which was located just northeast of the Gulf of Aqaba, was not a volcanic mountain after all.〔Charles Beke, ''The Late Dr. Charles Beke’s Discoveries of Sinai in Arabia and of Midian'' (ed. Emily Beke London: Trübner, 1878), p. 436.〕 The equation of Sinai with Hala-'l Badr has been advocated by various scholars and authors, including *Jean Koenig in 1971〔Jean Koenig, ''Le site de Al-Jaw dans l'ancien pays de Madian''〕 *Colin Humphreys in 2003〔Colin Humphreys, ''The Miracles of Exodus: A Scientist's Discovery of the Extraordinary Natural Causes of the Biblical Stories'' (2003)〕 In part, Humphreys' argument that Hallat al Badr is Mount Sinai rests on Alois Musils' argument that the itinerary stations given in Numbers 33 lead directly to Badr; he also reports that a volcano in the region erupted in 640 AD, but it is not known exactly which volcano this was. James K. Hoffmeier argues that the route suggested by Humphreys would have put the supposed volcano behind the Israelites at times, not in front. He also notes that the words for "cloud" and "pillar of cloud" appear frequently in Numbers - it covers the mountain, the temple built on top of the mountain, "it occupies the holy of holies in Solomon’s temple" and "Numbers 12:5 specifically refers to God coming down in a pillar of cloud to denounce Miriam’s charges against Moses after departing the mountain of God." Thus "fire and cloud are understood to be vessels of theophany." ==See also== *Edomites 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hala-'l Badr」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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